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In finance, a failure to deliver (plural fails-to-deliver) is the inability of a party to deliver a tradable asset, or meet a contractual obligation. A typical example is the failure to deliver shares as part of a short transaction. The Securities and Exchange Commission publishes "fails-to-deliver" data regarding transactions in the United States.〔(SEC Fails-to-deliver data )〕 As a remedy for this in the United States, Regulation SHO was designed.〔''Handbook of hedge funds'' by François-Serge Lhabitant 2007 ISBN 0-470-02663-4 page 132〕 Stocks bought and sold in transaction must be settled within 3 days. The buyer must deliver the cash and the seller the stock. If either party fails, a failure-to-deliver takes place.〔''History of Greed: Financial Fraud from Tulip Mania to Bernie Madoff'' by David E. Y. Sarna 2010 ISBN 978-0-470-60180-8 Chapter 10: Market Manipulation ()〕 Sometimes deliberate fails-to-deliver are used to profit from falling stocks (see Bear market), so that the stock can later be purchased at a lower price, then delivered, e.g. in the week of March 10, 2008, just before the failure of Bear Stearns, the fails-to-deliver increased by 10,800 percent.〔 According to CNN in the US markets, fails-to-deliver had reached $200 billion a day in September 2011, but no similar data has been available for Europe.〔(CNN/Fortune September 27/2011 )〕 A study of fails to deliver, published in the Journal of Financial Economics in 2014, found no evidence that FTDs "caused price distortions or the failure of financial firms during the 2008 financial crisis." Researchers studied 1,492 New York Stock Exchange stocks over a 42-month period from 2005 to 2008, and found that "greater FTDs lead to higher liquidity and pricing efficiency, and their impact is similar to our estimate of delivered short sales." 〔 http://www.cityam.com/1407505403/what-caused-2008-financial-crisis-not-short-selling-it-turns-out〕〔http://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2014/07/042.html〕 ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「failure to deliver」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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